Preface
1 Introduction to Femtocells
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Why Femtocells? The Market Context
1.3 The Nature of Mobile Broadband Demand
1.4 What is a Femtocell?
1.4.1 Femtocell Attributes
1.4.2 Femtocell Standards
1.4.3 Types of Femtocell
1.5 Applications for Femtocells
1.6 What a Femtocell is not
1.7 The Importance of ‘Zero-Touch’
1.8 User Benefits
1.9 Operator Motivations and Economic Impact
1.10 Operator Responses
1.11 Challenges
1.12 Chapter Overview
2 Small Cell Background and Success Factors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Small Cell Motivations
2.2.1 Cellular Principles
2.2.2 Conventional Cell Types: Why ‘Femtocells’?
2.2.3 Challenges of Achieving Indoor Coverage from Outdoor Macrocells
2.2.4 Spectrum Efficiency
2.2.5 Geometry Factors
2.2.6 The Backhaul Challenge
2.3 Other Small-Cell Systems
2.3.1 Overview
2.3.2 Picocells
2.3.3 Distributed Antenna Systems
2.3.4 Wireless Local Area Networks
2.4 The Small-Cell Landscape
2.5 Emergence of the Femtocell – Critical Success Factors
2.5.1 Mobile Data Adoption and Revenue Growth
2.5.2 Broadband Adoption
2.5.3 Connecting Four Billion Users – And Counting
2.5.4 Internet Applications
2.5.5 Fixed–Mobile Substitution
2.5.6 User Device Availability
2.5.7 Processing Power and Cost
2.6 Conclusions
3 Market Issues for Femtocells
3.1 Key Benefits of a Femtocell from Market Perspective
3.1.1 In-Home Coverage
3.1.2 Macro Network Capacity Gain
3.1.3 Termination Fees
3.1.4 Simplistic Handset Approach
3.1.5 Home Footprint and the Quadruple Play
3.1.6 Maximising Returns on Spectrum Investment
3.1.7 Churn Reduction – The Sticky Bundle
3.1.8 Positive Impact on Subsidisation Trends
3.1.9 Value-Added Services
3.1.10 Changing User Behaviour
3.1.11 Reducing Energy Consumption
3.2 Key Primers
3.2.1 Broadband Penetration
3.2.2 Saturation
3.2.3 Evolution in Carrier Business Model
3.2.4 Competition
3.2.5 Technical Feasibility
3.2.6 Economics
3.2.7 Limitations in Other Services
3.2.8 Carrier and Manufacturer Support
3.2.9 Consumer Demand
3.2.10 Supporting the Data Boom
3.2.11 Growing Standardisation
3.2.12 Air Interface Technology Evolution
3.3 Key Market Challenges
3.3.1 Cost Pressure
3.3.2 Intellectual Property Rights
3.3.3 Technology Issues
3.3.4 Establishing a ‘Sellable’ Proposition
3.3.5 Disconnect Between OEMs and Carriers
3.3.6 Too Much Reliance on Standards
3.3.7 Window of Opportunity
3.3.8 Developing the Ecosystem
3.4 Business Cases for Femtocells
3.4.1 Business Case Foundations
3.4.2 Exploring the Economics
3.5 Air Interface Choices
3.5.1 GSM Advantages
3.5.2 GSM Disadvantages
3.5.3 WCDMA Advantages
3.5.4 WCDMA Disadvantages
3.5.5 Conclusions
3.5.6 HSDPA, HSUPA and HSPA+
3.6 Product Feature Sets
3.6.1 Stand-Alone
3.6.2 Broadband Gateway
3.6.3 Wi-Fi Access Point
3.6.4 TV Set-Top Box
3.6.5 Video Distribution Mechanisms
3.6.6 Segmentation
3.7 Additional Considerations
3.7.1 Enterprise Femtocells
3.7.2 Super-Femtocells and Outdoor Femtocells
3.8 Adoption Forecasts and Volumes
3.8.1 Methodology
3.8.2 Forecasts
3.9 Conclusions
4 Radio Issues for Femtocells
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Spectrum Scenarios
4.3 Propagation in Femtocell Environments
4.4 Coverage
4.5 Downlink Interference
4.6 Interference Challenges and Mitigations
4.7 Femtocell-to-Femtocell Interference
4.8 System-Level Performance
4.9 RF Specifications in WCDMA
4.10 Health and Safety Concerns
4.11 Conclusions
5 Femtocell Networks and Architectures
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Challenges
5.3 Requirements
5.4 Femto Architectures and Interfaces
5.5 Key Architectural Choices
5.5.1 Connecting Remote Femtocells
5.5.2 Integrating the Femto Network with the Macro Network
5.5.3 Functional Split between the FAP and the FGW
5.6 Other Important Femto Solution Aspects
5.6.1 End-to-End Quality of Service
5.6.2 Local Access (Data and Voice)
5.6.3 Femtozone Services
5.6.4 Mobility
5.6.5 Femtocell Location
5.6.6 Enterprise and Open Spaces
5.7 UMTS Femtos
5.7.1 Iuh Protocol Stacks
5.8 CDMA
5.9 WiMAX
5.10 GSM
5.11 LTE
5.12 Conclusions
6 Femtocell Management
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Femtocell FCAPS Requirements
6.2.1 Fault and Event Management
6.2.2 Configuration Management
6.2.3 Accounting and Administration Management
6.2.4 Performance Management
6.2.5 Security Management
6.3 Broadband Forum Auto-Configuration Architecture and Framework
6.4 Auto-Configuration Data Organisation
6.4.1 Data Hierarchy
6.4.2 Profiles
6.5 CPE WAN Management Protocol Overview
6.5.1 Protocol Stack and Operation
6.6 FAP Service Data Model
6.6.1 Control Object Group
6.6.2 Configuration Object Group
6.6.3 Monitoring Object Group
6.6.4 Management Object Group
6.7 DOCSIS OSS Architecture and Framework
6.8 Conclusions
7 Femtocell Security
7.1 Why is Security Important?
7.1.1 Viewpoint: Continuity
7.1.2 Viewpoint: (Contained) Change
7.2 The Threat Model
7.2.1 Threats from ‘Outsiders’ – Third Parties
7.2.2 Threats from ‘Insiders’ – Device Owners
7.3 Countering the Threats
7.3.1 Radio Link Protection
7.3.2 Protecting the (IP) Backhaul
7.3.3 Device Integrity – Tamper Resistance
7.4 Conclusions
8 Femtocell Standards and Industry Groups
8.1 The Importance of Standards
8.2 GSM
8.3 WCDMA
8.3.1 TSG RAN WG2 – Radio Layer 2 and Radio Layer 3 RR
8.3.2 TSG RAN WG3 Architecture
8.3.3 TSG RAN WG4 Radio Performance and Protocol Aspects RF Parameters and BS Conformance
8.3.4 TSG SA WG1 – Services
8.3.5 TSG SA WG3 – Security
8.3.6 TSG SA WG5 Telecom Management
8.3.7 Summary of WCDMA Standards
8.4 TD-SCDMA
8.5 LTE
8.6 CDMA
8.7 Mobile WiMAX
8.8 The Femto Forum
8.9 The Broadband Forum
8.10 GSMA
8.11 Conclusions
9 Femtocell Regulation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Regulatory Benefits of Femtocells
9.3 Spectrum Efficiency
9.4 Economic Efficiency
9.5 Enabling Competition
9.6 Broadening Access to Services
9.7 Enabling Innovation
9.8 Environmental Goals
9.9 Spectrum Licensing Issues
9.10 Location
9.11 Authentication
9.12 Emergency Calls
9.13 Lawful Interception and Local IP Access
9.14 Backhaul Challenges
9.15 Mobile Termination Rates
9.16 Competition Concerns
9.17 Equipment Approvals
9.18 Examples of Femtocell Regulations
9.19 Conclusions
10 Femtocell Implementation Considerations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Signal Processing
10.3 Location
10.4 Frequency and Timing Control
10.5 Protocol Implementation
10.6 RF Implementation
10.7 System Design and Cost
10.8 Mobile Device Challenges and Opportunities
10.9 Conclusions
11 Business and Service Options for Femtocells
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Ways of being a Femtocell Operator
11.3 Femtocells for Fixed-Line Operators
11.4 Types of Femtocell Service
11.5 Service Examples
11.5.1 Femtozone Services
11.5.2 Connected Home Services
11.6 Service Enablers
11.6.1 Service Implementation
11.7 Stages of Femtocell Service Introduction
11.7.1 Stage 1 – Supporting Fixed Mobile Substitution
11.7.2 Stage 2 – Prompting Mobile Data Uptake
11.7.3 Stage 3 – Bringing the Mobile Phone into the Connected Home Concept
11.7.4 Stage 4 – Taking the Connected Home into the Wider World
11.8 Conclusions
12 Summary: The Status and Future of Femtocells
12.1 Summary
12.2 Potential Future Femtocell Landscape
12.2.1 Growth of Femtocell Adoption
12.2.2 Femtocells in Homes and Offices
12.2.3 Femtocells in Developing and Rural Markets
12.2.4 Femtocells Outdoors
12.2.5 Femtocell-Only Operators
12.2.6 Femtos Enabling Next-Generation Mobile Networks
12.2.7 When is a Femtocell not a Femtocell?
12.3 Concluding Remarks